Early Dynastic History of Egypt eventa og exodus

Early Dynastic History of Egypt Re-constructed (From Hoeh)

 Dynasty I (Thinis)                           2254-1993     (261)               First Ruling Dynasty
1) Menes (Cush)                              60        2254-2194                 First to unify Egypt
2) Athothis (Nimrod)                        27        2194-2167                 Athothis slain in 2167
                                                                                                               Ishtar flees to the delta
3a) Uenephes (Ishtar)                     12        2137-2125                 Ishtar returns with a son
4) Kenkenes (Horus)                       31        2125-2094                 Horus leaves in 2094    
3b) Uenephes (Ishtar)                     11        2094-2083                 Ishtar continues to reign
7) Semempses (Shem)                   18        2037-2019                Semsem slays Miebis
Shem initiates Dynasties XI & IX. Shem leaves Egypt – 2019
War in Egypt ensues after Shem’s departure and Dynasty I collapses
Thebes begins to attempt to fill the vacuum left by Shem and Dynasty I

Dynasty II (Thinis)                          1993-1737     (256)   Politically Insignificant

Dynasty XI (Thebes)                                  2035-1892     (143)   Second Ruling Dynasty
2) Wahankh Inyotef                         49        2019-1970                 After Shem’s departure
4) Nebhepetre Mentuhotpe                        51        1962-1911                 Abraham/Sarah in Egypt
First conquest of Heracleopolis by Thebes – 1954                               War w/Heracleopolis 1954
Final conquest of Heracleopolis by Thebes and uniting of Egypt (Mentuhotpe) – 1935
Thebes dominates Egypt 43 years (Africanus/Eusebius) – 1935-1892

Dynasty IX (Heralceopolis)                      2035-1935     (100)   Length of power
From Manetho                                              2035-1626     (409)   Total length  

Dynasty X (Heracleopolis)                       (1954-1750)  (204)   From 1st conquest
Dynasty X (Heracleopolis)                         (1935-1750)  (185)   From 2nd conquest
(204-185=19 years, compare to Mentuhotpe’s conquests 1954-1935=19)

Dynasty XII (Thebes)                                 1892-1680     (212)   Third Ruling Dynasty
Sesostris (Senwosre III)                  38        1779-1741                 Noted Military conqueror
Lachares (Amenemhe III)               49        1741-1692                 Pharaoh of Joseph

Dynasty III (Memphis)                                1737-1663     (74)     First dynasty at Memphis
1) Zozer-za (Joseph)                       19        1737-1718                 7 yrs famine ends 1719

Dynasty IV (Memphis)                               1750-1627     (123)   123 yrs to dynasty V
2) Suphis (Cheops, Job)                63        1726-1663                 Beginning of 7 yr famine
3) Suphis (Joseph)              66        1734-1668                 1 yr before 7 good years

Dynasty VI (Memphis)                               1626-1445     (181)   Fourth Ruling Dynasty
4) Phiops (Neferkare)                      94        1581-1487                 Turin Canon (Pepi II)
5) Menthesuphis (Merenre)           1          1487-1486                 Antyemzaef – Exodus

Dynasty V (Elephantine/Memphis)        1627-1486     (140)   8 kings at Elephantine
9) Onnos (Unis, Unas)                    30        1516-1486                 9th (last) king at Memphis

Dynasty XIII (Thebes)                                1680-1227     (453)   153 yrs at Bubastis (Delta)
17) Userkare Khendjer                    4             ?   -   ?                                 Subsidiary to Pepi II
18) Semenkhkare Mermeshoi       ?             ?   -1526                  Moses the “General”

Dynasty XIV (Xois)                         1663-1179     (484)   Hyksos rule from 1479

Dynasty XV (Hyksos)                                1486-1227     (259)   Invasion of Hyksos!

Book of Sothis                                            2254-1553     (701)   @Zoan(Delta) Mestraim

1) Mestraim                           35        2254-2219                 Biblical Mizraim

18) Rameses                                    29        1744-1715                 Subsidiary to Dynasty XII

4 Kings of Tanis                                           1553-1299     (254)   Total from 2254 – 955

The III, IV, V, VI, and XIII Dynasties of Egypt

The proper dating of Dynasty V of Egypt reveals kings ruling that are subsidiary to the pharaoh. The last king in this dynasty, Onnos or Unis (1516-1486, from the Turin Cannon and Palermo Stone) is the ninth king to reign in Dynasty V (From Elephantine, though the government was centered in Memphis). Unis was a cannibal who indulged in  the practice of eating the firstborn of his enemies. Unis was a firstborn: “Behold, Unas hath arrived at the height of heaven…Unas hath weighed his word with the hidden god who hath no name, on the day of hacking in pieces the firstborn…Unas devoureth men…Unas is the great Form, the Form of forms, and Unas is the chief of the gods in visible form. Unas is the firstborn of the firstborn…the period of his life is eternity, and the duration of his existence is everlastingness…and the offerings made unto him are more than those made unto the gods… ” (E.A. Wallis Budge, A History of Egypt, vol II, pages 83-88). Unas makes blasphemous claims including eternal divinity. A highly sanitized version of his life is given in internet accounts of pharaonic history (“Egyptian Journey 2003: History” Website: http://www.phouka.com/pharaoh/pharaoh/dynasties/dyn13/12-imira.html)   

Dynasty VI, although it numerically follows dynasty V, has contemporaneous kings. Unis was recorded in the Bible as Jannes (II Timothy 3:8), magician and priest of Egypt who resisted Moses and Aaron. He was a contemporary of both Pepi II (4th in dynasty VI) and his son, Merenre II (5th in the list of dynasty VI, 1487-1486, length of reign – 1 year). Both Merenre II of dynasty VI of Memphis and Unis of dynasty V of Elephantine, die in 1486 (The year of the Exodus). Merenre II of dynasty VI followed the longest lived pharaoh of dynasty VI, Neferkare (1581-1487), who reigned 94 years. This long lived pharaoh is also called Pepi II.

From Figure 2 (above) we see that the ruling dynasty changed from Joseph’s time to the time of Moses. Pharaoh Lachares or Amenemhe III of dynasty XII of Thebes would have had the authority to give Joseph the area of the Egyptian Delta, called Goshen (Figure 7) or the land of Rameses (Genesis 41:42-46), for services rendered. This Pharaoh also later requested that Joseph tell him of any men of ability in Joseph’s family (Genesis 47:6). We find that among the kings of dynasty IV is Cheops, whose reign overlapped with Joseph (Suphis). Cheops was the biblical Job. He was also a son of Joseph’s half-brother Issachar (Genesis 46:13). Dynasties III and IV have pharaohs that have overlapping reigns. The fact that the name of “Rameses” appears on many public buildings of the III and IV dynasties puzzles historians. Is it possible that Rameses assisted in the erection of these monuments? The ruling pharaoh of Egypt at this time was not Rameses. It was Lachares (Amenemhe III) of dynasty XII of Thebes (Figure 2). So Souphis (dynasty IV) or Zozer I (dynasty III) was given the “land of Rameses” (Figure 7 below) prior to the time of Moses and in the time of Rameses. Rameses was a lesser king under the pharaoh of the seven years famine, Lachares or Amenemhe III (dynasty XII of Thebes).

Dynasty IV (Souphis – 1734-1668) and III (Zozer I, 1737-1718) together tell the full story of Joseph’s public service. These years overlap the years of Rameses (1744-1715) in the Book of Sothis. The end of a seven year famine occurs at the close of year 18 of Zozer I (end of winter of 1719). No other seven years famine is reported during the entire history of the pharaohs. Joseph began his reign in 1734, one year before the 7 good years begin. Joseph’s nephew, Cheops (Job) begins his reign at the beginning of the seven years famine. The great pyramid of Cheops was also begun during the years of famine (from Herodotus) and took 20 years to build. An account of the 7 year famine is found on the rocks of the island of Sehel, at the First Cataract (G. Earnest Wright,Biblical Archeology, page 56). This is consistent with the migration of Jacob and his family to Egypt at the beginning of the 7 years of famine (Genesis 45:11).

After the time of Joseph, another pharaoh arose that “knew not Joseph” (Exodus 1:8). This was dynasty VI of Memphis. The pharaohs in this dynasty became concerned about the strength and size of the population of the progeny of Jacob (Exodus 1:9-11). They were also concerned about other national threats. They  “re-organized” Israel in the Delta (Land of Goshen) by setting “taskmasters” over them, and utilized them in public works projects as slaves. 

Who Was Rameses?

There actually was no king by the name of Rameses at the time of Moses. But the “land of Rameses” referred to in Genesis 47:11 was the area of the Delta where Israel dwelt (Figure 7). This area has a history prior to the Exodus apart from the history of dynasty I of Menes (Cush). It was referred to as the “land of Rameses” in Moses’ time because of the royal predecessor who lived before the time of Moses.

Long before Rameses the Great (a contemporary of Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon) was born, there where a number of kings with some form of the name  “Rameses”. The record of these kings is preserved by Syncellus in the Book of Sothis (W.G. Waddell, Manetho, page 235). The line of kings begin with “Mestraim” (this is Mizraim of the biblical record, who is the brother of Cush – Genesis 10:6). Historians reject the Book of Sothis and mis-identify “Mestraim” as “Meni” (Cush). Mestraim founded a dynasty at Zoan in the Delta apart from the dynasty of Cush and Mimrod. Among those rulers was a Rameses (18th  Rameses, 29 years, 1744-1715) who lived in the time of Joseph and dynasty III and IV (Manetho).

In the DeMille production of the Ten Commandments, the pharaoh who takes Moses to greatness (whose sister becomes Moses adopted mother) is called “Seti”. This pharaoh has a biological son called “Rameses”, played by the now deceased movie star Yul Brynner. Conventional dating (based on Manetho) places Rameses the Great 7-9 centuries too early and confounds him with another Rameses (Hoeh, Compendium vol I, page 165-167). To Seti I of dynasty XIX (19) was conceded the restoration of Egypt’s position abroad. And Rameses II, Seti I’s successor, was connected to war with the Hittites at Kadesh (7-9 centuries too early). Actually, Rameses II (Rameses the Great) collided with Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon at Carchemish (Kadesh) as reconstructed by Hoeh. The DeMille story line assumes that the Exodus occurred under Rameses II (dynasty XIX), Rameses the Great. Thus the evidence in the Bible and Josephus had to be altered to fit DeMille’s story line. And the biblical daughter of pharaoh, in the Hollywood script, became the sister of pharaoh.

According to the Jewish historian Josephus, the pharaoh who had a daughter had no male heirs. If Josephus is correct, the Hollywood film the Ten Commandments produces a historical corruption of the real pharaoh Rameses II. This corruption combines the historical and personal attributes of two contemporary ruling kings of Egypt from dynasties VI and XIII, and ascribes their combined historical and personal attributes to the father of Rameses II of dynasty XIX of Thebes (who is dated 700 years too early). Rameses II of dynasty XIX of Thebes is preceded by Seti I in the king lists. Seti I (dynasty XIX) is mis-identified as Userkare Khendjer of dynasty XIII of Thebes (Moses step-grandfather) and also given historical characteristics of Pepi II of  dynasty VI of Memphis, the father of the pharaoh of the Exodus (Merenre II of dynasty VI of Memphis).  

Josephus writes about the life of Moses before he fled Egypt at age 40 (1526). The Egyptians had just been overrun by Ethiopians from the south (the national threat confronting dynasty VI from page 9). Josephus records Moses participation in the Ethiopian wars: “The Egyptians, under this sad oppression, betook themselves to their oracles and prophecies; and when God had given them this council, to make use of Moses the Hebrew, and take his assistance, the King commanded his daughter to produce him, that he might be the general of their army.” (Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book II, chapter X, part 2).

Moses martial tenure as the General of Egypt is recorded in Josephus. The final victory at the city of Saba occurs after Tharbis, the daughter of the Ethiopians, turns the city over as the price of her marriage to Moses. In Numbers 12:1, the Bible records Aaron and Miriam, Moses siblings, quibbling over Moses marital connection to an Ethiopian or Cushite woman (this was not Moses’ wife Zipporah, daughter of Jethro, priest of Midian - Exodus 18:1-2). This further corroborates the Biblical record, revealing Moses’ past, prior to leading Israel out of Egypt. Moses married Zipporah after fleeing Egypt.

In Exodus 2:23, it says “And in the course of those many days that the king of Egypt died”. This was Neferkare (Pepi II). It was then that God calls Moses to go back to Egypt: “Go, return unto Egypt; for all the men are dead that sought thy life.” (Exodus 4:19). Merenre II was now reigning, the pharaoh that dies at the Red Sea. Merenre II did not return to Egypt, as did “Rameses” in the movie “The Ten Commandments”. Egyptian records do not record how Merenre II died. The records indicate that he was murdered, but it is not revealed how or by whom. Merenre II’s wife retaliates against the “murderers” by flooding a basement area and drowning them. She then commits suicide. Is it possible that after the Hyksos invasion, Merenre II’s wife, helpless without the pharaoh and his army, assumes that they (Hyksos) killed her husband? Who would know that Merenre II drowned at the Red Sea, besides Moses and the Israelites? The historical confusion is consistent with the biblical fate of the pharaoh of the Exodus, he just did not return to Egypt. And he reigned only 1 year.

Moses did not deal with a pharaoh called “Ramesses”. Moses dealt with Merenre II, son of Pepi II. Pepi II was a powerful and long reigning monarch that historically had other lesser pharaohs associated with him on the throne of Egypt. The kings of this period often have their names associated with king Neferkare (Pepi II, long reigning pharaoh of Dynasty VI of Memphis) on royal seals. This is proof that rulers of dynasty V and dynasty XIII were contemporary with the last great pharaoh of dynasty VI of Memphis, Pepi II. Hundreds of such seals have been found, but they are ignored in historical accounts. The information found on these seals challenges the status quo of Egyptology based on the order of Manetho’s dynasties.

The names and titles of Pepi II are found on page 129 (William C. Hayes, The Sceptre of Egypt, Volume I): “A graceful alabaster ointment vase of Pepy II bears on its side a panel of inscription with the king’s names and titles: “The Horus Netery-kha-u, King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Nefer-ku-re, given life, like Re”. On page 342 is described a scarab of glazed steatite with the names of King Nefer-ku-Re (Neferkare or Pepi II of dynasty VI) andKhendjer I (of dynasty XIII) engraved side by side. Khendjer I is listed as 17th (Turin Papyrus) in dynasty XIII. Other scarabs with engravings of kings of dynasty XIII are associated with long lived Neferkare (Pepi II) of dynasty VI. (William C. Hayes, The Sceptre of Egypt, Volume I, page 342). Below in Figure 3 are royal seals and 

Who Was the Daughter of Pharaoh?

Josephus records that the pharaoh had a daughter, but no other heirs except Moses, the adopted grandson: “If Moses had been slain (after his adoption), there was no one, either akin or adopted, that had any oracle on his side for pretending to the crown of Egypt.” (Flavius Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Chapter ix, end of book II). The sister of pharaoh did not adopt Moses, as in the movie “The Ten Commandments”. Moses was the heir to a throne in Egypt. And this pharaoh had a daughter, but no other heirs (Pepe II or Nefer-ku-Re had a son and a daughter). Seti I of dynasty XIX (The Ten Commandments) also had a son. This king whose daughter adopted Moses could not have been Pepi II (dynasty VI) or Seti I (dynasty XIX). How can this seeming contradiction among the historical records be resolved? Hoeh points out that there was a dynasty in which Moses was a general, and one which was broken at the very point in history that Moses fled Egypt! This dynasty exercised jurisdiction (subsidiary to Pepi II) in the northeastern Delta where Israel dwelt and Moses was found. That would be dynasty XIII of Thebes!

The total length of dynasty XIII according to Manetho was 453 years under 60 rulers. But the version of Barbarus provides a detail missing from Manetho: The court was not only at Thebes (far to the south of the Delta), but at Bubastis in the Delta for 153 years (Alfred Schoene, Eusebius, page 214). “The General” is listed in the Turin Canon catalogue of kings of the XIII dynasty as 18th with the throne name of “Semenkhkare” (Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharoahs, page 440) and (Weigall, History of the Pharaohs, pages 136, 151-152). The Egyptian word for “General” was “Mermeshoi”. This title as the personal name of a ruler of Egypt does not appear again in all dynastic history. Two large granite statues of “Mermeshoi” have been found in excellent condition in the Delta at Tanis (Figure 8 below).

Since only kings could have supreme command of the army in ancient Egypt, when Moses was made general he inherited royal authority. The 17th king (Figure 5: Turin Papyrus) of Dynasty XIII, Userkare Khendjer (listed as 16th in Figure 4 below), ruled over the Delta and Upper Egypt. No descendant of his is known to have succeeded to the throne. This is the king whose daughter is mentioned in Exodus 2:10. Within a few years the influence of this dynasty (which was contemporary with but subsidiary to dynasty VI) in the eastern Delta ceased. Below in Figure 4 is a dynasty XIII king list (from William C. Hayes, The Sceptre of Egypt, Volume I, pg 340) showing the 18th king (immediately following Semenkh-ku Re, the “General”) as Nefer-ku Re, who is also Nefer-ku Re (Pepi II) from dynasty VI.

Here is evidence that after Moses fled Egypt at 40 years of age (a pharaoh of dynasty XIII), the ruling pharaoh of dynasty VI, Pepi II, took control, as evidenced in the dynasty XIII king list (Figure 4 below). Pepi II, who is also identified as Nefer-ku Re on page 129 (William C. Hayes, The Scepter of Egypt), is listed 5th in the dynasty VI king list (William C. Hayes, The Scepter of Egypt, page 58). Pepi II was the father of the pharaoh of the Exodus, but was not the father of Moses’ step-mother. The pharaoh (Userkare Khendjer) who was the father of the “daughter of pharaoh” (Exodus 2:10) that adopted Moses was a contemporary of and a subsidiary to Pepi II. Note that the pyramids of Pepi II and Userkare Khendjer (Khendjer I) were found in close proximity (Figure 10). 

Figure 6
Above account taken from “Egypt Under the Pharaohs”, Vol. I, page 219, and refers to two statues of “Mermesha”, The General, the 18th (Turin) listed in Dynasty XIII.

As the general of the armies of Egypt, Moses would be familiar with the area of Succoth. The Bible records that it was from Succoth that the children of Israel (Exodus 13:20) set off into the wilderness. The fame, notoriety, and experience that Moses acquired as the general of Egypt leading Egyptian armies would be extremely useful in leading 2-3 million people out of the land of Egypt. Succoth had to be a place large enough for this tremendous amount of people and flocks to assemble. A place called "Tharu", or T'aru" or "Takut," fits the description of Succoth well. The following are quotes from "Life in Ancient Egypt" by Adolf Erman:

"The isthmus of Suez was of the greatest consequence also from a military point of view - it was doubtless fortified in very early times. Probably here stood the great fortress of T'aru, often spoken of as the starting-point for the expeditions into Syria,..." (page 28)

“At this time we also meet with a defensive work of another kind, namely a broad canal, which presumably connected the lakes of the isthmus together.  At the point where a bridge crossed this canal were strong fortresses on both sides... The great fortress which defended this bridge was the fortress of T'aru', which is so often mentioned as the starting point of the military expeditions." (Page 537)

Where one would leave Egypt proper and go into the Sinai desert, there was a fortress and a bridge. Inscriptions tell us that this fortress was called Tharu (or one of the various spellings). It is located near the Delta, or "Rameses," where the Israelites were living, and was where the Egyptian army assembled in preparation for their military expeditions to the north. Armies consisted of a great deal of men, horses and chariots; and they required logistics and a large area to assemble properly. Tharu may well have been the biblical "Succoth". They had left Egypt proper once they crossed this line of fortification, just as recorded in the biblical record: "...and the children of Israel went up harnessed out of the land of Egypt." (Exodus 13:18)

18th pharaoh of dynasty XIII from “Egyptian Journey 2003: History”,  Pharaohs Notes (Website:http://www.phouka.com/pharaoh/pharaoh/dynasties/dyn13/12-imira.html)  Moses the General!

In Figure 10 below is a titulary on the 17th pharaoh (Turin papyrus) of dynasty XIII, father of the "daughter of pharaoh" in Exodus 2:10 (from “Pharaohs Notes” on dynasty XIII). The history portion reveals that this pharaoh and this dynasty were a foreign dynasty that was “Asiatic” in origin. Asiatic does not mean oriental, but indicates a semitic origin.

Praenomen: Userkare "The Soul of Re is Strong", Minaatre
Nomen: Khendjer Called "Pig" or "Boar"
From Manetho:
King Lists: Userkare Khendjer
Dates:
reigned about 4 years, c. 1757 BCE
redford – 1756-1751, franke – 1718-1712,  ryholt – 1764-1759
Succession:
Predecessor: Sobekhotep II
Successor: multiple kings
Associated People: unknown
Burial Place: Pyramid in North Saqqara
Monuments: Mortuary Complex in south Saqqara
History:
Khendjer is one of the few pharaohs of the 13th Dynasty to leave behind any monuments at all. His mortuary complex was discovered in Saqqara in 1929. Of course, his name was known from before, from stela. He may have been Syrian or Palestinian. He was documented as a military leader of foreign troops in Egypt. The complex is enclosed by a mudbrick wall, with an inner wall of niched limestone. The internal wall may have replaced a wavy wall like that surrounding the pyramid at Mazghuna belonging to Amenemhet IV. The pyarmidon of the pyramid was found, with the king's throne name, Userkare, engraved. The pyramid is between the existing pyramids of Pepi II (6th Dynasty) and Sensuret III (12th Dynasty). It is just south of the Mastaba Faroun, and in the southermost point of the necropolis. It is the only 13th Dynasty pyramid to be completed. However, it used mudbrick as core material, and all that is left today is a 1m mound of rubble and the internal structures underground. The pyramid complex was never finished, and does not appear to be used for burials. However, inscriptions on the pyarmid and the subsidiary buildings does hint at his reign, about four years long.

Figure 10

The Events of the Exodus

After the Exodus, an invasion of the Delta occurred. The story of the Exodus and of the invasion are recounted in the “Admonition of Ipuwer”, a translation by John A. Wilson (Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts, pages 441-444). Manetho also wrote an account of this event preserved in Josephus: “…for what cause I know not, a blast of God smote us; and unexpectedly, from the regions of the East, invaders of obscure race marched in confidence of victory against our land. By main force they easily seized it without striking a blow, and having overpowered the rulers of the land, they burned our cities ruthlessly, razed to the ground the temples of the gods, and treated all the natives with a cruel hostility, massacring some and leading into slavery the wives and children of others. Finally they appointed a king of one of their number whose name was Salatis. He had his seat at Memphis, levying tribute from Upper and Lower Egypt, and always leaving garrisons behind in the most advantageous positions.” (Flavius Josephus, Against Apion, book I, chapter 14, parts 73-92).

The name “Salatis” comes from a Semitic root meaning “prince”. It is the root word of “Sultan”. These invaders came from the East and must have passed to Egypt from the Sinai. They made Egyptians, slaves. The Bible records a people who suddenly gained prominence in that part of the world – the Edomite Amalekites (Amalek was a son of Edom or Esau). As late as the days of Saul, the Egyptians were still subject to these people: “And they found an Egyptian in the field…And David said unto him, To whom belongest thou? And whence are thou? And he said, I am a young man of Egypt, servant to an Amalekite; and my master left me, because three days ago I fell sick.” (I Samuel 30:11-13).

The Amalekites seized the Delta after the Exodus. They are mentioned in the Bible around the time of Moses in the words of Balaam: “Amalek the first of the nations; but his latter end shall be that he perish forever.” (Numbers 24:20). “First of the nations” refers to their position and ranking at that time, since they were not great in earlier times (their forbearer was Esau) like the Bablylonians, Assyrians, and Egyptians. Also, the first people to attack the children of Israel in Sinai after the Red Sea crossing were the Amalekites: “Then came Amalek, and fought with Israel in Rephidim” (Exodus 17:8).

Although the sudden influence of the Hyksos in Egyptian history is acknowledged, where they came from or who they were, and most importantly how they accomplished the sudden conquest of a major world empire, remains a mystery to modern historians. Acceptance of the numbered dynasties of Manetho and assumptions based on the exclusion of any evidence of “supernaturalism” and the biblical record is the cause of this mystery. Eye-witness accounts of the Exodus discovered almost a century ago on ancient Egyptian Papyrus are ignored in the annals of modern history textbooks.      

The Ipuwer Papyrus was discovered in 1828 and translated by Alan H. Gardiner in 1909. This is an eye witness account of the events spoken of in the Bible (Exodus). This information has gone largely unrecognized and unacknowledged. The full text of the Ipuwer Papyrus in a 17 page book can be found online (http://nefertini.iwebland.com/tests/ipuwer.htm). The parallels between the events in Exodus and the translations by Alan H. Gardiner were compiled by Roger Waite and Todd Draegger. This is reproduced below in four (4) pages (The Plaques of Egypt).

s pointed out in “Appendix” of the 4 page compilation above, there is also a second recorded eye witness (the Ermitage paprus) to the plaques and supernatural devastation visited upon Egypt during the Exodus. Not until 1227, 259 years after the Exodus (1486), did Egypt recover from the national devastation. The Hyksos (the biblical Amelekites) were forced to accept the rulership of native Egyptian rulers at Thebes. The complete expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt occurred at the beginning of the XVIII (18th) dynasty of Thebes under Ahmose (1076). Archeology and history are replete with data on this period. Although no evidence of an Exodus exists in this period, it was initially assumed (due to the successive ordering of the 30 dynasties of Manetho) that this is when the Exodus occurred. It was subsequently assumed that the Exodus occurred during the XIX (19th) dynasty. Confusion over several different Rameses extant during the XVIII, XIX, and XX dynasties and the lack of evidence for an Exodus made this dynasty problematic as well. 

According to Africanus, dynasty XIX begins with Sethos who is followed by Rapsaces (Rameses the Great). Hoeh’s reconstruction dates Rameses the Great as contemporaneous with Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon, using both Egyptian and Babylonian records and archeological finds. Dating Rameses the Great 700-900 years too early, and relying on the numerical order of Manetho’s dynasties creates conflicts with historical and archeological evidence. DeMille and the Hollywood film epic enlist dynasty XIX (19), Seti I, his sister (?), and Rameses II (Rameses the Great). This conflicts with the biblical record, archeological evidence, harmonized chronology, and Josephus. Rameses the Great was militarily defeated at Carchemish (Kadesh) by Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon after several years of contention and two battles over the city. Subsequently, this dynasty withdrew to Nubia following Nebuchadnezzar’s attack on Egypt. The last documented year of Rameses the Great (Rameses II) recorded on any monument in Egypt is his year 44 – 567-566 (Hoeh, Compendium vol I, page 167).

The deeds of Rameses the Great (Rameses II) are also found on monuments under the name of Tirhakah, a contemporary of Nebuchadnezzar. This Tirhakah of dynasty XXV (the Ethiopian dynasty) claimed vast realms scholars thought were “unhistorical” for Tirhakah (G. Daressy, Medinet Habou, page 9). Later discoveries by Mariette-Bey found this same record at the base of a colossal statue of Rameses II (Mariette-Bey, Karnak, page 67, plate 18). Other evidence of Tirhakah as a great traveler and conqueror are grudgingly admitted by Wallis Budge (Wallis Budge, A History of Egypt, vol VI, page 157). This evidence linking Rameses the Great (Rameses II) with Tirhakah are ignored. The continued use (successive numbering) of Manetho’s dynastic numbering system contributes to the continuing confusion in the chronology of history.  

In conclusion, when the biblical record is considered in its’ proper historical context, archeological and historical records support, verify, and confirm the biblical record. Rejecting the Bible as an accurate historical model has caused irresolvable confusion when attempting to harmonize the totality of the evidence. The 18th century error of German literary scholarship should have been long since corrected. But truth is the last  criteria in the pursuance of political objectives. Scholarship, journalism, politics, religion, and every other major area of human endeavor in the 21st century has been hijacked and dominated through control of higher education by a conspiracy to create a world government ("New World Order"). This is a recurring sequel to world history begun at Babel. This recurring plot seeks to remove Christ and the Bible from education, government, religion, and history. This plot is satanically inspired, carried out by devotees of Luciferian worship through secret societies, and spans multiple generations. Lucifer (Satan) and his followers seek to replace God, Christ, and the Bible in the global religion of the "new world order".

Cecil B. DeMille probably used the most authoritatively available information in his time to produce the movie “The Ten Commandments”. And yet even with all the inaccuracies, historical discrepancies, casting decisions, and emphasis on superficial visual credibility to the detriment of factual historical substance, his depiction may have come dramatically close to providing insight into the original event.